China

P. 685 – 689 **Toward Revolution in China ** MI – Although many Chinese initially expressed interest in the West, the rise of the Communist Party in China led to a period of political uncertainty. P. 823 – 830 **Mao’s China and Beyond ** MI – The communist China that had been in power in different forms for many years, eventually gave way to a more flexible, open to free market China.  · Mao promoted the **Mass Line Approach,** which were agricultural cooperatives formed in 1955 after China had completely become a peasant kingdom eventually became farming collectives.  o Industrialization was recognized as the key to regaining their status as a great nation.  · **The Gang of Four, ** led by Jiang Qing, tried to gain control of the government from Deng.  o They planned a military coup against the pragmatists, but they were arrested and imprisoned.  · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Xiaoping opened China to Western influences and capitalist (but not democratic) developments. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Farming communes were discontinued, private initiative was promoted, and private enterprises coupled with economic experimentation began.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Notes on China **
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May Fourth Movement **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1919) – Western ideas became increasingly popular within Chinese culture.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Many Chinese began to protest the Japanese occupation of some rightfully Chinese lands.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.5in;">The land was given to them by the Germans after they acquired it in WWI.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Li DaZhao **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">was an intellectual who researched Marxist ideology and, through interpretation and observations, passed on his findings to students.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">The Russian Revolution inspired many Chinese thinkers to study Marxism.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mao Zedong **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">was a student of Li DaZhao, and he became the first leader of the Communist Party of China, which unified China.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Chiang Kai-Shek **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> founded and ran the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">His goal was to disband the Communist Party in China and reestablish the Nationalist Party as the controlling body in China.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Long March = **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">when Mao led his troops on a 1000 mile walk to Shaxi, where the troops resided until the Japanese invasion of China in WWII.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Nationalist Party assumed control of China in the 1920s.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The People's Republic of China **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> was established in 1949 by Mao Zedong.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Much effort was put into developing a stronger economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The **Great Leap Forward (**1958) was when Mao encouraged people to use their own materials to create their own goods.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">He was against developing factories for industrialization which caused an economic disaster, enveloping the nation in famines while the birth rate was on the rise.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Jiang Qing, **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Mao Zedong's wife, used her husband’s power to implement equality for women in China
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">She was against old teachings that women were subordinate.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Her efforts were successful and women became close to equal to men.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Women still struggled to find jobs outside of their household, however.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cultural ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Revolution **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">(1965)
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mao had lost power, so in his final campaign he “inspired” students to form extremist groups like the **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Red Guard, **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> which were rag-tag armies that fought against Mao's rivals.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Leader Analysis Sheet
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Name of Leader: Mao Zedong ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Lifespan: 1893 – 1976 || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Title: Chairman of the Communist Party of China / Chairman Mao ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Country/region: China || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Years in Power: 1943 – 1976 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">China is in a weakened state and broken up into several separate groups struggling for power.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Economic dominance by western powers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Majority of the population was peasantry and a small group was proletariat
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">There is little industrialization and the economy is in a rut. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Inspired by Li Biao to make an effort to relieve the poorly represented peasantry from their strife.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Aspired to restore China to it’s former glory in previous dynasties.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Anti-Westernization
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">A healthy resentment for elitism. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power :
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Participation in the Korean Stalemate and Vietnam
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Mass line approach
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Implementing five-year plans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Great Leap Forward
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Attempted to lower birth rate through child restriction laws
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Cultural Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Established the People's Republic of China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Attempted the Great Leap Forward, but failed and caused famine ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Short-Term effects:

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">P. 848 – 849: Democratic Protest and Repression in China **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Limited the number of children a family could have. (Population control)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Brought famine upon the people of China temporarily.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Severely reduced Chinese productivity. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Long-Term Effects
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Establish the People's Republic of China.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Opened China up to Western influence. ||


 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The May Fourth protest was an example of civil disobedience.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Riots, demonstrations, strikes, and protests are making China decline farther.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">China’s government honestly wants to assist the citizens and to keep them safe and prosperous.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">China is hoping to improve its conditions and image.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Chinese officials know that the support and effort of the people is what will be the force that will one day bring the nation back to life.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1. Li Peng believes the Chinese people protesting are the major cause of the turmoil for the government.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">2. He attempts to persuade the citizens to stop protesting by warning them of the condition that China will stay in if they continue what they are doing.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. Li Peng only wants China to aspire to be as prosperous as it had been back in the old days. He is trying to reinvent China. His arguments support communism because he supports industrialization.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">4. The Chinese did not accept democracy due to their superiority complex; believing that the system was unfit to govern their great nation and that it would only cause more problems.

__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present __
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">While China has been fighting to maintain a strong central political structure since 1914, the switch from the Nationalist Party to the Communist Party marked a major change in leadership, while the significance of communist ideals remained constant.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">__Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present__
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Chinese society from 1914 to the present has changed in that women achieved equality socially, whil; However, all people in Chinese society have remained under strict communist rule.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">*

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Thesis Statement**: Throughout the 20th Century, Russia and China were somewhat similar in their social developments in that women's rights were improved, and there was a period of collectivism leading to social disruptions in each country. Hwever, Russian isolationism was abandoned near the end of the period while China remained much more secluded.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #1**: Chinese women gained near-equality under the reforms of **Jiang Qing** while Russian women gained many rights after the disbanding of the USSR. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: Mao Zedong's "Women Hold up Half the Heavens" and Jiang Qing's reforms, women in workforce Russia <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**: Women allowed in the work force in russia to Mao Zedong's "Women Hold up Half the Heavens" and Jiang Qing's reforms <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**: Both were major leaps forward for women's rights that came during periods of major social reforms.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #2**: A peroid of collectivism was disruptive in both China and Russia, causing the disruption of classes and harming the economy. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: The Great Leap Forward in China, Mao Zedong, Russian modernization and industrialization attempts, Stalin, state only. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**: Mao Zedong's approach vs Stalin's <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**: The turmoil caused by the disruptive collectivism severely hurt Russina and China's lower class and the social structure.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #3**: Russian isolationism was thrown away by the end of the period while China still had little to do wth the global economy. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: **Vladimir Putin's** rise to power, democracy and capitalism, XiaoPing, China's openness to Western influences and capitalist, but not democratic, development <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**:Putin's approach and democracy, vs Xiaoping's approach and capitalistic influence only. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**:China wanted to remain a communist nation with western influence only affecting their culture and economy through capitalism, but Russian's embraced democracy over time and are now a Republic.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Thesis Statement**: Throughout the 20th Century, Russia and China were somewhat similar in their political developments in that they both had a communist regime rise to power, had leaders that began to change their country's policies, and began to embrace a socialistic or capitalistic society to some extent. However, China remained a fundamentally communist entity whilst Russia began a larger transition to globalization. Many countries all over the world were already in the process of globalization.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #1**: The communist party in each country consolidated power, with the rise of the Communist Party in China under Mao Zedong and the Bolsheviks in Russia under Lenin <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: Bolsheviks, CPC, Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, People's Liberation Army, Red Army <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**: Red Army vs. the People's Liberation Army <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**: Both were examples of leaders using their influence to consolidate power; through loyalty.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #2**: The policies of Stalin and Mao Zedong were later abandoned and replaced once leaders such as Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping came to power. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: de-Stalinization, Glasnost, Perestroika, disbanding the Gang of Four, communism --> socialism (more in russia), pragmatism <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**: pragmatism to de-Stalinization, glasnost, and perestroika, <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**: Shifting their country's policies to be more open allowed them to adapt to a changing global economy.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Topic Sentence #3**: The transition from communist countries to more socialistic or capitalistic nations was more apparent in Russia, where Putin swore on his commitment to democracy while Chinese leader Xiaoping refused a large transition to a full market economy or democracy.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Evidence**: Socialism's spread <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Direct Comparison**: Putin vs Xiaoping <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Analysis**: Putin promised to democratize and allow freedom of expression but still silenced some dissident media sources, while Xiaoping didn't even allow a full transition to occur; only letting western influences enter the country but remaining communist.