Africa+and+the+Africans+in+the+Age+of+Atlantic+Slave+Trade

**__The Atlantic Slave Trade __** //**MI - Slave trade began when Portugal established "factories" along the African coast to combat shortages in manpower / labor. Demand for slaves increased after Portuguese Madeira began producing sugar. **//  · Portuguese ships reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1587 and established factories. o The most important factory was El Mina (situated in the gold-rich forest zone) · Local leaders allowed the establishment of factories and benefited from the European products and Portuguese defense. o Portuguese received ivory, pepper, animal skins, and gold. o Sometimes traded with other African merchants (Mali and Songhay) · Portuguese took advantage of pre-existing trade routes. · Trade was basis of relationship with Africans; more complex political, religious, and social relations arose afterward. · Missionary efforts sprang up in Benin, Kongo, and other kingdoms o Once Nzinga Mvemba converted to Christianity, his kingdom (Kongo) became a Christianized. · The Portuguese considered Africans to be savages, but were capable of conversion to Christ. · Other European nations followed Portugal's lead (Dutch, English, and French setup trading stations and exerted influence through military and diplomatic means) o Foundation of Luanda (Angola) and outpost on Mozambique Island · 1441 CE - Portugal starts to import slaves through trade with African rulers o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">By 1460CE it was 500 imported slaves per year. ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The emergence of sugar plantations in Madeira and (eventually) Brazil - to fill labor demands - was additional motivation to the slave trade.
 * //__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Notes P. 435 - 440 __//**

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Trend Towards Expansion __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">//**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - Between 1500 and 1800 CE, the number of slaves involved in the trans-Atlantic triangular trade increased dramatically. **//  · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Between 1450 and 1850, 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic, but only 10-11 million made it due to a 20% mortality rate. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">As many as 1/3 captured slaves died as a result of forced marches and slaving wars. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Demand for slaves remained high due to high mortality and low fertility. (Not enough women) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slave population in the U.S. tended to expand through natural population growth and made up 1/4 of the population while in the Caribbean slaves made up 80-90 percent. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The Caribbean and Brazil were major slave destinations. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Brazil had 3.5 - 5 million slaves, or, 42% of its total population · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The majority of slaves were exported from Senegambia region. ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast (Benin - 10,000 slaves a year) caused wars in Central Africa. (result of the slave trade)

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Demographic Patterns __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">//**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI – Demographic shifts were caused by the growing slave trade not only in the New World, but in Africa as well; The population was around 1/2 of what it could have been without exportation of slaves (By the 19th century). **//  · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slave trade was centered around men since most work involved physical laboring. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Most female slaves = concubines and domestic servants · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Some figures suggest that Africa's 25 million population was 1/2 of what it would have been without the slave trade o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">A result of the male-dominated character of trade and captive women and children in Africa. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">o **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">New food crops created a resource for population recovery.

__ **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Organization of the Trade ** __ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">//**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - An **// **//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">increasingly complex trade system was established between Europe and Africa to facilitate exchange of slaves. //**  · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">European nations display power through control of slave ports. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portugal dominant until 1630. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dutch became competitors after they seized El Mina in 1637. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">By 1660s, England engaged in slave trade for colonies in Jamaica, Barbados, and Virginia, triggering the creation of the Royal African Company; French major carrier in 18th century. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Europeans who went to ports faced inherent dangers in disease; 10% of the Royal African Company's employees were forced to return to England from illness. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Europeans paid local rulers with abstract forms of currency, such as gold bars, iron bars, etc. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Spanish "Indies piece" system ruled that women and children were less expensive. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Each nation tried to establish a monopoly on slave trading in certain regions, while private merchants attempted to bypass them. o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slavery became immensely profitable (300% returns on voyages + shipbuilding industry boost) o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Became dangerous (profit margins - 5-10%; still more stable than many other careers) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Triangular trade became central in Atlantic economy: o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slaves sent to New World à <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> raw goods sent to Europe à <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> manufactured goods sent to Africa. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slavery contributed to continuing development of capitalism. ($$$)

//**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Notes P. 440 - 448 __**//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - The introduction of the Atlantic slave trade significantly altered the political organization in Africa. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Interactions with Europeans changed the character of slavery in Africa, yet pre-existent forms of slavery in Africa may have helped increase the European’s success. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">African societies held each other as slaves before the Atlantic trade system was set up. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> Their slaves were tied together through kinships. (Non-egalitarian) <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Enslavement of women was a central feature of African slavery and led to practices like polygamy: having more than one wife. (Status of women declined) · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Ahmad Baba **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> of Timbuktu spoke out against slavery of Muslims. ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Africans would not enslave their own people, but their neighbors, forming large centralized states.
 * __<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade __**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slaving and African Politics __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">MI - African politics moved towards consolidation and centralizing after the Europeans got involved in the slave trade. **//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Western and Central Africa was full of small, fragmented states <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The slave trade led to widespread consolidation, usually through warfare. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">A counter movement to large scale slavery saw some societies form ideas about self-sufficiency and anti-authoritarianism. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Coastal states a seeking to gain power through the slave trade were forced to compete with the European factories. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Central African states began to grow in power and influence thanks to the slave trade. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Asante and Dahomey __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI – The opportunities presented by the new Atlantic slave trade particularly benefitted the African states of Asante and Dahomey. **//   · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Asante  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> = a state that benefited greatly from slave trade. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Leader title: ** asantehene ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Osei Tutu **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> helped to expand nation through military reform and unification. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Received formal recognition from the Dutch. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Most powerful state on the Gold Coast (sold slaves and gold) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">State of ** Benin ** tried to avoid major participation in the slave trade. · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dahomey **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> = a state whose trade dealt with primarily guns and slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Eradicated royal families and customs of the area in expansion in order to centralize. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">King Agaja **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> gained control of Whydah, an important coastal port. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">o **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Exported 1.8 million slaves from 1640 - 1890.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">East Africa and the Sudan __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI – Another wave of Islamic expansion swept over much of East Africa, but it maintained a strong Bantu-speaking base. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">After the Songhay decline, the Fulani turned to a more radical and violent form of Islam. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Commerce continued on the east coast of Africa, just with a constant European presence. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Goods traded with central Africa included slaves, ivory, and gold. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slaves from the east coast were commonly exported to Arabia and the Middle East to serve as domestic servants. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Some islands in the Indian ocean were host to plantations, like Mauritius. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Those islands could have slave populations of up to 100,000. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Interior of East Africa had many people from Bantu language group. ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Islam spread through Sudan (new Sufi variant via Fulani people).

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">White Settlers and Africans in South Africa __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - During the 18th and 19th century, South Africa was host to major demographic change due to the European intrusion from the Dutch and British. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dutch Colony in South Africa came in violent contact with Bantu-speaking tribes. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">In 16th century, Bantu people occupied southeastern Africa while hunters lived in Kalahari desert in the West. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Chiefdoms comprised the main political unit. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Created competition for leadership positions. · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Cape Colony **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> farms employed Indonesian, Asian, and African slaves. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Independent boer states = ** voortrekkers ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">o **** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Great Trek **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> happened after British took control of formerly Dutch Cape Colony and banned slavery in 1834.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The Mfecane and Zulu Rise to Power __** //** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">MI - The Zulu, along with several other tribes rise to power, leading to continuous tribal warfare called mfecane. **//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Zulu unified under ** Shaka Zula ** in 1818. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">He reformed military organization; new weapons, tight authoritarian control. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Rise of African states lead to “wars of crushing and wandering”; ** mfecane **. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Mass migrations begin due to constant warfare. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Zulu clashed with South Africa Dutch called ** Boers **, who moved north of South Africa after the British took control. //**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Notes P. 448 - 454 __**//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - Slaves were surrounded by poor conditions and quality of life. **// (work and transportation) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slaves were often loaded onto ships in horrid conditions by the hundreds before their trans-Atlantic journeys. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">As a result, the morality rate was around 18% (prior to the 1800s) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The treacherous routes was called ** The Middle Passage ** ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Still, Africans retained traditions, cultures, and beliefs and mixed them with New World cultures.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Slave Lives __**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">African in the Americas __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - Slaves supplied the main labor force for the New World. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Mixed race and creole slaves were often assigned to work as domestic servants instead of field workers. (** manumission **) · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> Indigenous slaves were eventually replaced by African slaves in the New World <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Africans were typically better suited for the strenuous conditions. ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Although most slaves were agricultural laborers, others had occupations such as artisans, street vendors, and household (domestic) servants.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">American Slave Societies __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI – **//** //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">Several seperate social hierarchies were formed after the introduction of saltwater slaves. // **   · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Saltwater slaves  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> were slaves imported from Africa in the trans-Atlantic middle passage. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Creole slaves = ** mulattos; **a result of the exploitation of African slaves by whites. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Strict hierarchies formed as a result: whites on top, slaves on the bottom, and a variety of free coloreds in the middle. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">African religious leaders still had influence within the African slave community. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">In the Caribbean, slave plantations lead to 80% of the population being black <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Brazil had 35% slaves ** · **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">In America, whites allowed African slaves to reproduce, reducing the need for importation.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The People and Gods in Exile __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - Africans tried to retain their sense of culture through religion and other means and often led to revolt. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slaves retained their sense of African culture, but restrictions of the New World society didn’t allow them to be completely free. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">As a result of separate influences, slaves were converted to either Catholicism (Spain and France) or Protestantism (England). <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">African religions of obeah, candomble, and vodon still continued to exist. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Resistance and rebellion were key trends in slave history: ** · **** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Recalcitrance **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> = runaway communities; Palmares, Suriname; Afro-American culture

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> //** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">MI - The slave trade ended after a combined effort of economic, political, religious, and philosophical pressures. **//   · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Economic, political, and religious changes in Europe led to abolition. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Difficult to identify a direct link between economics and the end of slavery. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Anti-slavery intellectuals such as Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau criticized slavery on moral grounds. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">William Wilberforce influenced the British abolition of the slave trade <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Spain, Portugal, and others nations followed. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Slavery was only completely abolished after Brazil did away with it in 1888.