The+Rise+of+Russia

Mongol occupation caused a major decrease in trade and manufacturing capabilities in Russia, leading to an economic downturn. Literacy went down significantly. Russia’s economy became mostly agricultural and dependent upon slave labor. Russian landlords adopted to a social system similar to their former Mongol rulers. Russia hoped to reform and looked to the West for guidance.
 * 1. **__Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization __.

**2. **__Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans. __ **Ivan III** claimed succession from the Rurik Dynasty (The founders of Russia). Ivan freed Moscow from the Mongols and by 1480 had conquered from the Polish Lithuanian Kingdom to the Ural Mountains. Ivan III was known as **Ivan the Great**. He believed that Russia was the third coming of the Roman Empire. He was succeeded by **Ivan IV,** who was known as **Ivan the Terrible**. The Ivans recruited many **Cossacks** (peasant warriors/scouts) to gather intelligence on new territories. Russia's early expansion dominated central Asia. 

**__Leader Analysis __** o Sought to expand territory; mostly westward o Michael Romanov established internal order. o Alexis Romanov gained power over the Russian church. || o Led first Westernization movement in Russia (cultural and economic). o Creating an export economy took a backseat. (Import dependent) ||
 * Name of Leader: **Peter I, Peter the Great, Peter Romanov** ||
 * Lifespan: ( 1672 – 1725 CE) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Title: Czar of Russia; **Peter the Great** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Country/Region: Russia (land based empire) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Years in Power: (1689 - 1725 CE) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Weak Russian economy dependent on agriculture and slave labor due to Mongols.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russian landlords had adopted Mongol style and social habits.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Ivan dynasty ruled Russia; were descendants of the Rurik dynasty.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Romanov family took power after Ivans.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Peter the Great hoped to expand west and wanted to Westernize the country.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Autocrat **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">; **absolute** **monarch**; made nobles shave their beards which lessened their power.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Didn’t support the idea of parliaments; it was his “divine right” to govern.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Favored his own justice system over the West he was attempting to emulate. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Changed capital city from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Increased manufacturing of ships for his trading ports.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Copied Western military styles and started training camps.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Improved weaponry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Employed secret police to monitor politicians.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Developed a bureaucracy using western guidlines.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Turned Russia into a Western country, adopted western practices.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Promoted an education system focused on math and science.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Empowered upper-class women.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Focused on economic development in support of his military (government sponsored expansion).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Short-Term effects:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russia became a major power in Europe. (through reform)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Decreased the power and control of aristocrats.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Established trading ports in the Baltic and Caspian Seas.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Founded St. Petersburg || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Long-Term Effects:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Created a strong Navy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Secret police continued into 20th century.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Westernized Russia; increased learning ||

o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Michael Romanov established internal order o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Alexis Romanov gained control of the Russian church.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Name of Leader: **Catherine II** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Lifespan: (1729 – 1796 CE) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Title: **Catherine the Great**; Monarch ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Country/region: Russia || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Years in Power: (1762 – 1796 CE) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Mongols weakened Russian economy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russia was reduced to a mainly agricultural economy; reliant on slave labor.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Society had adapted to Mongol social style.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russia was under the rule of the Ivans.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Romanovs took power after the Ivans.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Peter the Great begins to westernize Russia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Replaced Mongol ideals with new, adapted Western inspirations. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Used the reign of Peter Romanov as a guideline.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Defended her powers as an Autocrat; absolute monarch (absolutist)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Sought to continue the westernization process, adapting their ideals to an autocratic regime.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Returned powers to the nobles, taking a step back towards feudalism.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">She was a **despot**, promoting the welfare of the state through centrality. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Instruction of 1767 - **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> a document illustrating Catherine’s selective Westernization.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The **Pugachev Rebellion** allowed her to extend the powers of the autocracy in regional affairs.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Partition of Poland **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> eliminated Poland as an independent state due to their weak government; expanded Russia’s territory.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Territory continued to expand as the power of the military and navy grew as well. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Short-Term effects:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Gained Russian independence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Created a central state.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Westernized culture in Russia. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Long-Term Effects:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russia was still a world power.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Became an active participant in European affairs. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Became an active participant in European affairs. ||

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">**__Chapter notes__**

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">__Serfdom__ <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Peasants also had to pay high taxes.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">After the fall of the **Tatars**, peasants needed money to escape their debt, forcing them to beg the nobles for financial aid. The peasants became serfs.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Serfdom allowed the government to regulate the peasants through interactions with the nobles, ensuring order. (No peasant uprisings).
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">50% of Russians were bound to serfdom by 1800. The rest owed obligations to the state.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Serfdom slowly transformed into something resembling slavery.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">__Trade and Economic Dependence__ <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They traded furs, ore and other commodities in central Asia to generate revenue. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Russian landlords would often steal some of the serfs product, weakening the economy further. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Manufacturing was behind that of the West. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">36 million people lived in Russia by 1800.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Russian economy never had a chance to grow because the serfs never overproduced goods, which would have stimulated the market economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russian expansion caused a period of population growth.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Manufacturing lagged behind compared to the West.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">__Social Unrest:__
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Landlords became too powerful tipping the scales and causing problems for the peasantry.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Radishev **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> criticized the corruption/disorganization of Russia and claimed they should abolish serfdom.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Peasant uprisings like the **Pugachev Rebellion** began to occur.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pugachev's **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> forces harassed Eastern Europe until **Catherine** finally quelled the rebellion.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">__Russia and Eastern Europe:__
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Russia couldn’t successfully emulate the Western, European societies they strived to be.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Ottoman Empire in the Balkans enjoyed growth in trade and established new cultural adaptations and ideas through exchanges.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Scientific Revolution yielded important discoveries for Poland and Slovak.