Islam

1. Iman à  Faith 2. Salah à  Prayer 3. Zakah à  Almsgiving 4. Sawm à  Fasting 5. Hajj à  Pilgrimage The '**Five Pillars**' of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life:
 * __ Five Pillars of Islam __**
 * Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad;
 * Establishment of the daily prayers;
 * Concern for and almsgiving to the needy;
 * Self-purification through fasting; and
 * The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.

__** Arabia Before Islam **__
 * E || The economy had different bases in different regions of Arabia.
 * Nomadic tribes had camel and goat herding economies
 * Only in coastal regions (primarily in the south) had extensive agriculture.
 * Trading cities also along coast, including the important cities of **Mecca** and **Medina** ||
 * S || The sparse population of the Arabian Peninsula was divided into competing clans and tribes, some nomadic.
 * **Bedouin** herders lived in kin-related clans which were clustered into larger tribes.
 * There could be wide disparities of wealth within a clan.
 * The lowest “class” were **slave** **families**; remnants of rival clans defeated in wars.
 * Husbands had to pay the wives family a “**bride**-**price**” to seal the marriage contract. ||
 * P || Political systems were largely built around small local leaders of clans and tribes.
 * **Shaykhs** were the leaders of tribes, elected by a **council**, who were usually wealthy.
 * The laws dictated by the **Shaykh** were enforced by warriors with family in the tribe.
 * I || Inter clan wars often broke out as a result of one clan encroaching on the others pasture land.
 * The inter clan feuds were fought under a code of **chivalry**.
 * The battles almost always initiated or perpetuated clan feuds. **Cycle** **of** **vengeance**.
 * Medina was split between two Bedouin clans and three Jewish ones
 * R || Before Islam, Arabia’s people worshiped local gods that had little effect on society as a whole.
 * Bedouin religion was for the most part a mix of **animism** and **polytheism**
 * Some tribes recognized a supreme god called **Allah**, but rarely prayed to him.
 * The worship of **nature** **spirits** focused on sacred caves, springs and groves ||
 * I || Arab culture was not highly developed due to the harshness and poverty of the environment.
 * Poetry was the main focus of Bedouin cultural creativity.
 * There was no written language yet so the poetry was passed down orally.
 * It was a celebrated tradition that preserved Bedouin history ||
 * T ||
 * It was a celebrated tradition that preserved Bedouin history ||
 * T ||

=__Video Notes__= The Pre-Islamic Arabian peninsula was a polytheistic, bedouin tribe based world. The majority of the people were **Bedoiuns**, and held poetry and oral recitation of history in very high esteem. Family and tribe loyalty were critical to one's survival in Arabia because of constant warfare over natural resources. Muhammad was born around 570 AD to a Meccan family and was orphaned by age 6. This lack of parental guidance enabled Muhammad to seek out and recieve compassion from all those around him, becoming friendly with all people. Mohammed became a merchant in when he was grown and used his connections with all the tradesmen to become a very trusted and well known man. The trade center in Mecca was also a place where Mohammed could be exposed to many cultures and religions. At the age of 40, Mohammed began to receive many revelations from Allah. He began teaching a religion of equality and justice, something that held a universal appeal that attract followers from all over the globe. The notion of one god was revolutionary, and Islamic values and ethics encouraged people of all races and all classes to convert. After establishing a powerful religious base in Arabia, Islam spread rapidly to many other parts of the world. __**Reading Qs**__ __//How did the death of Muhammad lead to the Expansion of Islam?//__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**//Addan//**- Muslim call to prayer
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Cultures worldwide are shaped by Islam.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Muhammad born in 570 A.D.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Both parents died at the age of 6; he was taken in by his Uncle
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">As an orphan, he became familiar with everybody
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Poetry was of great importance to Bedouins and brought them closer together; to their roots.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Family and tribal loyalties were crucial for survival.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Each clan in the Bedouin tribes worshipped their own gods; mostly nature based.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The Kaaba made Mecca a vibrant center of trade, where no feuds could be continued.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mohammed became a merchant; he married __Kaddija__ when he was 25 years old.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Communication and charisma were qualities of Muhammad.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Was well known as a trustworthy man in Mecca before Islam.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">After Mohammed receives revelation from angel, the idea of ther being "only one god" was revolutionary and controversial at the time.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Universal appeal of equality was why Islam spread so rapidly.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Qur'an is a teaching of both ethical and social guidance.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Persecution and killings in Mecca caused Mohammed and his followers to flee to Yathrib, the city of the prophet.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">They left everything they had in Mecca except their newfound faith.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The caravan through the desert - known as the **//Hidzrah//** - in 622 AD, was considered the true birth of the Muslim faith
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">^Also is year 1 AD in Muslim calendar.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Meccans mobilized against Muslims in Medina, 330 Muslims vs. 1000 Meccans.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Muslims emerged victorious as more and more bedouins joined their struggle and they entered Mecca three years later with 10,000 troops.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Muhammad entered Mecca peacefully, and the pagan idols in the Kabaa were destroyed.
 * __Video Summary__**

Muhammad's death in 632 CE caused the **Umayya** clan to take over the Muslim faith and set out to spread it across the earth. **Abu Bakr** was the first **caliph** after Muhammad's death. The **Ridda Wars** began after turning back the attacks on Mecca.

__//What were the motivations for Islamic conquest?//__

Early community leaders used awrs of conquest to release the energy of the bedouin tribes they sought to lead. Warriors were attracted to serving in campaigns of expansion by the promise of treasures. Their conquests became known as **jihads;** holy wars intended to spread or defend the Muslim faith.

//__How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries?__//

In the **Sasanian Empire** of Persia,the religion **Zoroastrianism** lacked popular roots. Attempts to defend their borders were futile with their disorganized armies. The Arabs overrun Sasanian territory and took the capital city. In 651, the Muslims completely took over the empire. Overcoming the **Byzantine Empire** was much more challenging. The Empire was powerful militarily and economically. However, members of the Christian sects within the empire were unhappy with all the taxation and took up arms against the Byzantines in exchange for less taxes under Muslim rule. //__What caused the major division in Islam?__//

The conflict stemmed from who had the right to succeed Muhammad. In 656, conflict arose over a simple dispute over distribution of treasure. **Uthman,** the third caliph was murdered by warriors returning from Egypt. Ali became the next caliph. In the **Battle of Siffin** in 657, he was won over by a plea for mediation. **Mu'awiya,** the Umayyad leader, was made caliph in Jerusalem which challenged Ali's position. The **Sunni's** backed the Unayyads and the **Shi'a** supported Ali. Thus, a major split occurred.

//__What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads?__//

Although Mecca was the holy city, **Damascus** was the political center for the Umayyads. Theirs' was the fastest built empire since Rome and by the early 700s, the Umayyads had territory ranging from Spain to the steppes of central Asia.

//__How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads?__//


 * Mawali,** Muslim converts, had to pay property taxes and recieved no treasures from conquests. It was also very difficult for them to get positions in the bureaucracy. Muslim leaders tolerated religions of the **dhimmi** as well.

//__Explain gender structures under the Umayyads__.//

The Qur'an stated that men and women were equal before God and Islamic worship. Women played important roles in creating the Qur'an and in the battles with the Meccans, but weren't allowed to lead prayers.

//__What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads?__// The Umayyad decline was largely due to rebellion and conspiracy within the empire which eventually led to the slaughter of most of the Umayyad family and the start of the Abbasid Era.

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Abbasid Empire __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dhows – sailing vessels with lateen sails that were specifically built for trade. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">E || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The Abbasid Empire was the bridge that reinstated the Afro-Eurasian trade route
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Merchant and landlord classes grew in the empire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Revival of the Afro-Eurasian trade network
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The acquired wealth was spent largely on running public buildings and organizations (mosques, religious schools, baths, inns, and hospitals).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Skilled laborers and artisans were highly valued and created guilds to support each other. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">S || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The Abbasid Era saw increased acceptance and integration of outsiders and a complex social structure.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Saw the full integration of Arab and **mawali** converts into the Islamic community and the acceptance mawali as equals.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Many people converted peacefully to receive the advantages that Muslims had under Abbasid rule.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Medical care in the empire surpassed that of any other civilizations of that time.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Most slaves that were clever and ambitious could buy their freedom and rise to power.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Some slaves were less fortunate and were forced to do hard labor for government projects or under **Ayan** (a wealthy elite class of landlords).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The **harem** and the **veil** became twin emblems of the subjugation of women in society.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Ironically, slave women were often better educated and more independent. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Abbasid rulers adopted the luxurious lifestyles the Umayyads had before them
 * Caliphs resembled the Persian kings of old, **totalitarian**.
 * **Wazir** was chief administrator of the caliph's inner council and was leader of the bureaucrats.
 * The Abbasid were able to collect taxes from all their subjects in the empire.
 * **Al-Mahdi** (775-785)- caliph that led to the fall of the Abbbasid Empire.
 * **Harun al-Rashid** (786-809)- caliph right after the death of al-Mahdi's son died.
 * **Buyids**- invaded the Abbasid Empire; Baghdad captured; took the name **Sultan**, ruled the Muslims and the caliphs.
 * **Seljuk Turks** invaded the Buyids, ruled the remaining empire, took the names of the caliphs, and were Sunnis- wanted to get rid of the Shi’a.
 * **Saladin** led an army that reunited most of the lands taken by the crusades.
 * **Fall of Acre** (1291 AD), Christians lost their kingdoms. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The Abbasid Empire was the first to rule over such a vast patchwork of religions, ethnicities, and linguistic groups.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Christian Crusades against the Holy Lands were the peak of action between the Western Europe and the Islamic world.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Otherwise the regions were involved in the Afro-Eurasian trade routes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Europe also adopted many ideas and inventions from the Islamic World. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The Abbasid Empire was an Islamic civilization that went through several periods of religious trends.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Shi’a **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> sects continued to vie for power over the **Sunni** regime. They instigated peasant uprisings to try and destroy the Abbasid dynasty,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">A resurgence of **mysticism** gave Islam a newfound vibrancy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">At the same time, orthodox religious scholars (**ulama**) grew suspicious and hostile towards non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Brilliant thinkers like al-Ghazali attempted to fuse the Greek and Qur’anic traditions although the idea was often rejected by orthodox scholars.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The late Abbasid period was centered on **Sufism**. **Sufis** were wandering mystics who sought a personal union with Allah. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Abbasid contribution to intelligence was to recover all the lost wisdom of the ancient Greeks.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Islamic and Jewish scholars saved the priceless writings of the Greeks on key subjects such as medicine, algebra, geometry, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics. They were recopied in Arabic.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Works by Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, and Euclid were recovered.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Indian numerical system was adopted into the Abbasid Empire. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 65pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || <span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Technology of the Abbasid Empire didn’t change or improve much from earlier Muslim dynasties.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Civilization(s): ** **<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Stateless societies **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Songhay Kingdom **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, **<span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Swahili **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Congo **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">

<span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Before he took rule, Songhay had broken free of ** Mali's ** control (c. 1370) and thrived from gold sources and resident foreign merchants <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fishing, pottery making, farming, and simple iron metallurgy <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Strong agricultural basis <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Economy based on weaving, wood carving, and pottery making as well <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Metalworkers used copper and iron; iron was very valuable <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The eight provinces had local chieftains; highest governing body <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Internal pressures were solved by exile or leaving <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Songhay consisted of farmers, herders, and fishermen <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Constituted of Bantu-speaking herders from the north, farmers to the south, indigenous peoples, Indonesian/Malayan immigrants <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Men took care of the labor intensive, political and commercial jobs <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Women were housewives and farmers <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Stateless societies relied on ** kinships ** for power <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">No ruler or court; council of families or secret societies <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Succeeded Mali and dominated the middle Niger Valley; began around 7th century <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Empire began with ** Sunni Ali ** who ruled 1464-1492 <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Great military tactician and ruthless leader: **askia** <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Songhay fell in 1591 when a Muslim Morrocan army destroyed the Songhay army, causing ruling families to quarrel; others within revolted and disbanded the empire <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Governed by Muslim ruling families <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Began c. 1200 and flourished by the late 1400s <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Stateless societies embarked on war expeditions, started large construction projects, and established stable long distance trade <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Led conquests throughout the Niger Valley <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Captured **Timbuktu** and **Jenne**, two major commercial centers <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Muhammad the Great **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> extended the borders to encompass central Sudan by the mid-16th century <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Wave of immigrants from Oman and the Persian Gulf during the 8th and 9th centuries <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Traded with China until 1431 <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Introduced Islam to cosmopolitan trading ports; Muslim community by the 13th century <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Muhammad the Great **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> was one of the line of Muslim successors <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Syncretism **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> of Islam with the pagan religions in Afica <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">E || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">No taxes for revenue
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">S || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Secret societies transcended **lineages**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">P || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Societies that lack political concentration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">I || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Difficult to resist external pressures
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">R || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Islam was introduced by 1010.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">I || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Syncretism à <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Bantu into Arabic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">T || <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Developed a provincial administration system