Asian+Transitions+In+An+Age+of+Global+Change

** __The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans __ ** · ** The Asian sea trading network ** can be broken down into 3 main parts:  o Arab zone = glass, carpets, and tapestries  o Indian zone = cotton textiles  o Chinese zone = paper, porcelain and silk textiles · Japan, mainland kingdoms, islands in South East Asia, and East Africa (coastline) provided raw materials for the three main zones. · Strongest demand and highest prices for spices. · Despite the advanced maritime technology of the Arabs and Chinese (compasses, large ships, etc.), they still favored set routes that traced coasts. · Europeans were able to dominate the trade network particularly due to…  o No central control <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Military force absent from commercial exchanges · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Most merchants in the trading network were looking for profit for themselves and their funders. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Peaceful trading due to the common desire for wealth and goods; prosper from each other. ** __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut __ **** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> MI – The Portuguese attempted to gain control of parts of the trading network. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The Portuguese were obviously not prepared to abide by informal rules of trade. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">To mercantilists, trading was negative since other nations would gain wealth as well; more power. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portuguese decide to use force to obtain goods from other countries. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The only Asian naval force strong enough to fend off the Portuguese were the fleets of Chinese junks. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Force proved ineffective; change strategy to controlling towns in those areas. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Captured **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ormuz ** on southern end of Persian Gulf and **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Goa ** on western Indian coast. · ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">da Gama **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> forced ports in Africa & India to submit. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Caused a combined Egyptian and Indian fleet to attack (but were defeated). · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portuguese hoped to establish a monopoly in Asian products and build an Empire in the region. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Believed their combination of a licensing system + monopoly would control a decent portion of the Asian trading network. ** __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empire __ **** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> MI – Portuguese efforts to control flow of goods for monopoly was impossible so they began to resort to attacking merchant ships. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portuguese did not have enough ships or money to control their monopoly or licensing system so rivals began to take advantage. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Resistance of Asian rivals, poor military discipline, corruption in the crown officials and shipping losses dealt a heavy blow to the Portuguese vision of empire. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Portuguese empire building paled in comparison to the Dutch and English. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The Dutch were the “victors” in the domination of spice trade by being selective. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dutch captured key Portuguese ports and built their own; like at **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Batavia ** on Java island. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Focused on controlling certain spices rather than the whole trade network. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dutch trading empire was successful because of… <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Removal of or extermination of indigenous islanders who grew spices to break Dutch monopoly. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dutch found that greatest profit was peacefully be worked into the trading system <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Began to depend on fees from transporting goods and resold items for inflated prices in Europe. ** __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia __ **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Superior force of the Europeans (ships and guns) allowed them to take part in the trading system, but their influence decreased the more they moved inland. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Spanish invaded Philippine Islands and conquered **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Luzon. ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Spain fails at conquering **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Mindanao **. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Controlled settlements were forced to pay tributes of agricultural products to the conquerors. ** __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia __ **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Roman Catholicism was a major part of the Spanish and Portuguese’s global missions. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Major clashes between Islam and Christianity in the region. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dream of Christian Asia joining Iberian crusade against Muslims · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">India was a susceptible area for conversions. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Franciscan and Dominican missionaries as well as ** Jesuit Francis Xavier ** helped the low-caste peoples. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Robert di Nobili **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> developed conversion strategy: Attempt to convert the high-caste first. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">High-caste people refused to worship on same level as lower-caste populous. ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">When Europeans arrived in the Indian Ocean, they entered into a millennia old trading network dominated by Hindu and Muslim traders. Despite their initial attempts to become actively involved with trade through show of force, European powers began to realize it was only peaceable trade that could last. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Some Chinese scholars were interested in learning about Christianity. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Nobunaga had worn western clothing and purchased artwork of the Virgin Mary. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Nobunaga died and the missionary efforts of the Europeans ended. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Prepared for war in case of European attack. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Hideyoshi had began prosecuting converts and missionaries. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Europeans had to leave the island or they would be killed. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Japanese converts had to renounce their faiths <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Upon European arrival, the Chinese and Japanese originally saw the situation as positive. However, as the Europeans settled in and relations became stronger, the Chinese and Japanese began to refrain from too much contact with the European merchants/missionaries.
 * // __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Notes P. 486 - 491 __ // **
 * MI – The Asian sea trading network was a peaceful trade system between the Muslim World, India, China and various islands in between the 3 key zones. **
 * MI – The Europeans were able to enter the Asian trading system in the 16th and 17th centuries, but they were not able to compete with Asian armies. **
 * MI – Roman Catholicism spread despite minimal Dutch and English effort to convert people in Asia, but the Portuguese and Spanish consciously tried to convert them. **
 * __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">“T” Chart Comparing Chinese and Japanese responses to European arrival __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">China || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Japan  ||
 * * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Imports from European merchants were invaluable during times of famine or underproduction.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Population rose to 90 million in the 1400s; 300 million+ during the 1800s.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Traded silk textiles and other goods for silver.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Europeans settled in Macao and Canton where they officially began business with Ming China.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Europeans broke into the Middle Kingdom and tried to infiltrate the courts and gather the Ming emperor’s favor to spread their religion.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Saw Europeans as people with “large noses” and “hairy faces”. (Lol)
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Wanted to limit their contact with Europeans || * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">European traders brought the Japanese goods from other parts of Asia; which was traded for silver, copper, and pottery.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">European weaponry planted the idea of expanding trade once they aided Japanese unifiers in winning multiple wars.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Europeans started to convert the Japanese to Roman Catholicism.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Hideyoshi reported converts to be ignoring the commands of their overlords.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Ieyasu continued to persecute the Christian faith and officially banned the religion in 1614.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Foreign traders were confined in 1616
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">In the 1630s Japanese ships were forbidden to set sail out of Japan
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">In the 1640s only a limited number of Dutch and Chinese ships were able to carry goods on a specific island called Deshima in Nagasaki Bay. ||