Russia


 * __ “In Depth” P. 684 __**

· Rural folks were dissatisfied with all the population growth, social inequalities, oppressive taxation, and suppression of traditional protests (**banditry**).

· The unemployed western-educated bloc sought jobs and common dignity.

· Urban artisans experienced a time of displacement during the rise of industrialization.

· Urban laborers were thoroughly disappointed with their working conditions.

· Returning veterans were extremely upset by the lack of support and started mutinies/revolutions.

· Revolutionary ideas came about – like Marxism and other communist theories – that leaders like ** Karl Marx, Mao Zedong ** (China) **, ** and ** Ho Chi Minh ** (Vietnam) used to promote the dream of an equal society (proletariat utopia).

· A number of Anti-Westernization movements.

//What internal and external factors weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution? //

· Internal factors: Discontent and mutiny were the major factors in weakening the Mexican and Chinese governments. Lower class workers were being replaced by machines to speed up production. The lower classes were taxed relentlessly. Many people lost their jobs in Mexico after being tricked by bankers and they would start riots; in many cases the military would standby or side with the rioters! Chinese laborers were typically working in horrible conditions. Both nations made efforts to keep the West from interfering and gaining influence in their governments and national markets.

· External factors: China and Mexico’s involvement with democratic/capitalistic powers and participation in World Wars (WWI, WWII, and the Cold War) led to economic competition, the arms race, containment and expansion, causing the returning veterans to commonly support revolutionary causes and reaffirm the cause of anti-Westernization.

//What key social groups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia, and why were they so important in each case? //

· Communist groups were major players behind revolutions. Their goal was to create societies and economies that were based on maintaining equality; anti-Westernization. The key social groups were the proletariats, the property-less working class, and the western-educated bloc. The workers made up a large portion of the revolutionary movements and they were also the most passionate. Communism was very attractive in comparison to their social condition. The western-educated bloc was valuable for organization of the movements and they were effective in their rallying techniques, organizing into important and influential units like the **Russian intelligentsia**.

//What similarities and differences can you identify among these three early revolutions in the 20th century? //

· The revolutions in the three nations had influences from communist leaders. Each nation was anti-Westernization and attempted to create its own successful government, society, and economy. Peasants were forced to pay higher taxes than the rest of the people in all three nations. Industrialization played a big role in all the revolutions as well. Technological advancements created machines that competed for jobs and many people lost out. Though some of their reasons may differ, the revolutions were all primarily caused by the discontent of the lower classes.

**__ Russia __** ** Notes on Russia ** ** P. 681 – 685 **

** Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism **

MI – The Russian Revolution of 1917 was extremely successful due to communist ideals and was divided into two parts**:** The February Revolution, which established a liberal, westernized government that didn’t reach its expectations.

and The October**/**Bolshevik Revolution, which placed the communist Bolsheviks and Lenin into power. Lenin consolidated one-party rule after taking power.

· **Russian Revolution** of 1917

o ** Soviets ** establish a liberal government during the ** February Revolution. **

§ New gov’t is lead by politicians like ** Alexander Kerensky, ** promoting parliamentary rule and civil freedoms.

· Social unrest continued and reached its peak at the ** October/Bolshevik Revolution **.

o Lenin had mass appeal amongst the proletariat and the Soviets.

o Lenin, the Bolsheviks, and leading urban soviets combined into the ** Council of People's Commissars ** to govern the state.

· Immediate problems faced by the Lenin regime included:

o The humiliation of a German-Russian peace treaty.

o Giving up territories that broke off into their own independent nations.

o Being excluded from the Versailles conference.

§ Reflected the diplomatic and militaristic tension between them and the Western powers.

o Lacked support; unpopular.

§ The ** Social Revolutionary Party ** encouraged rural reforms and won the majority at a parliamentary election.

§ Disbanded the Western-style, multi-party system in favor of a one-party communist rule.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Opposition to the communist regime arose in the form of Tsarist generals, religiously faithful peasants, and minorities; a civil war ensued.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Lenin redistributed land to the peasants and then took over basic industry

§ Led to famine, unemployment, industrial disruption, and resentment towards the regime

** Stabilization of Russia' Communist Regime **

MI – The Red Army, the New Economic Policy, and the elaboration of government helped stabilize Lenin’s regime. The Red Army provided military power that was strengthened through loyalty. The New Economic Policy continued the socialist policies while adding individual incentives to restore the economy to pre-civil war status. Politically, the nation was broken down into communist controlled socialist republics united as the USSR.

· The Bolshevik leader, ** Leon Trotsky **, formed the ** Red Army ** primarily through the conscription of loyal Russian peasants.

· Loyalty was acquired through a sort of propaganda in which people with great talent were shown achieving great things (only under the current regime of course).

· Economic distress was reduced by the ** New Economic Policy ** in 1921.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o The policy combined Socialism with individual initiative.

· Russia’s capital city was moved to Moscow and the nation was fragmented into socialist republics, known as the ** Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union) **

· The ** Supreme Soviet ** was similar to a parliament and elected by universal suffrage, but election competition was not allowed. Communists remained in control of the executive officials.


 * **Joseph Stalin** became the leader of the Soviet Union and championed a strong nationalist version of communism.


 * **Comintern =** Communist International office set up to help communism proliferate.

** Soviet Experimentation **

MI – Russian government was extremely unique and experimental in this period. The Soviets created an authoritarian state in control of all bureaucratic actions and opposition was completely suppressed.

· Youth movements, women’s groups, and worker organizations that influenced legality, equality, educational and employment opportunities were supported by the Communist Party.

· The rapid increase in literacy rates allowed for educational propaganda to turn popular culture away from religion and traditionalism and towards loyalty to the regime and trust in science.

· Lenin's death in 1924 sparked a power struggle amongst several key lieutenants, including Trotsky and ** Joseph Stalin. **

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Stalin rose to power in 1941.

o Shifted focus from ** world revolution **.

§ Eliminated (killed or exiled) his rivals one by one and downplayed international communism to promote communal agriculture/collectivization.

** Notes P. 698 – 703 **

** Stalinism in the Soviet Union **

MI **–** Stalin relied solely on state initiative to industrialize and modernize the USSR, halting private initiative entirely.

** Economic Policies **

MI – The Russian industry became the third most powerful industrial power in the world due to Stalin’s policies of collectivization and redistribution.

· Stalin implemented ** collectivization ** in 1928, to create state-run farms and eliminate individual/private land ownership.

· Poor laborers were in favor of the policy (due to their lack of land).

· ** Kulaks **, prosperous peasant landowners, resented the policies.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Livestock and equipment were destroyed and food production fell dramatically.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Millions were either executed or exiled to Siberia in the early 1930s.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Removing the dissenting kulaks increased the food production to a sufficient level, but did not satisfy the peasantry.

· Harsh discipline and strict organization by the gov’t antagonized the peasantry even further.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Agriculture remained a weak sector of the Russian economy.

· Stalin implemented a system of ** five-year plans ** for industrialization.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Massive metallurgic, mining, and electrification factories were established that set the USSR apart from the global market.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Industrialization continued to multiply.

** Toward and Industrial Society **

MI – Russia became curiously similar to other industrial societies under the five-year plans except it was a socialist country, completely controlled by the Communist Party.

· Urbanization and overpopulation of cities became a common problem.

· Factory discipline and pro-production were administered by the communist party.

<span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Public awards were given for workers demonstrating extra-productivity.

· Welfare and insurance services were provided.

· Strikes were outlawed and the only trade union allowed was under communist party control.

** Totalitarian Rule **

MI – Stalin’s control stretched into people’s private lives and stressed loyalty to the state.

· Popular art and science were shunned and replaced with ** socialist realism ** (romanticism of the commoners) and communist science.

o Loyalists regularly reported any intellectuals refusing to submit.

· Stalin eliminated any potential political rivals (through execution, exile, and imprisonment) during the great purge of party leaders from 1937 – 1938.

o Led to an ineffective and sloppy foreign policy.

· Diplomacy was revitalized after the USSR was granted admission to the League of Nations.

o The Soviets used the opportunity to form secret military treaties with nations like Turkey.

** P. 750 – 759 **

** Eastern Europe after WWII **

MI – After WWII, the Soviet Union fully established itself as a major world power and silently struggled for dominance over United States – the only other superpower – in spreading their influence and improving their economy and society.

· The Red Army became the dominant force in Eastern Europe by 1945. (following WWII)

o Introduced communist influence to the Baltic nations and driving out non-communist regimes.

· The Soviet regimes attacked possible rivals for power, such as surrounding nations and even the Roman Catholic Church.

· collectivization of agriculture ended the large estate system and industrialization used five-year plans

· After **NATO** was formed by the Western nations as a defense alliance, Eastern nations (primarily The Soviet Union) responded with the **Warsaw Pact**.

· Soviet troops were stationed in most eastern states to ensure the lasting influence of their regimes and shut out western influence.

· ** The Berlin Wall ** was constructed in 1961 to serve as a barrier between eastern and western controlled Germany.

o The Soviets controlled Berlin to the East of the Wall and Western powers (US, England, and France) controlled West Berlin.

· ** Nikita Khrushchev ** emerged as Stalin’s successor in 1956 and denounced Stalinism for its political consolidation through elimination of rivals, narrow interpretations of Marxist doctrine, and strict isolationism.

o Supported the de-Stalinization campaign thoroughly.

· Khrushchev maintained a competitive attitude towards the West throughout the Cold War.

o ** Sputnik ** became the first space satellite ever in 1957.

o Soviets continued to increase their military might and make advances in their space program.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">**P. 841-847**

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s ** <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MI –Khrushchev and Gorbachev decided to stray from the strict and harsh style of leadership Stalin used in favor of a more open government with better ties with foreign nations.

<span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Yeltsin and other Russian leaders were wary of a full conversion to a market system because the people may not appreciate the change. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A civil war erupted between the state and the Muslims in Chechnya.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mikhail Gorbachev **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> gained power in 1985 and some attacks on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some old bureaucrats- showed a more Western style by wearing more fashionable clothes and holding open press conferences- modified the Soviet's cold war stance- wanted to reduce the nuclear armament and missiles
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Glasnost = **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> "openness"
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Gorbachev introduced Glastnost, a policy that allowed people new freedom of expression, to reduce bureaucratic inefficiency and unproductive labor in the Soviet economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Promoted decentralized decision making as a means to achieve internal reform.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Perestroika **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">was an economic reconstruction method hoping to open the USSR to the global economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">It promoted decentralizing the control of agriculture and industry and allowed private ownership.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">After Gorbachev fell from power, **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Boris Yeltsin **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> assumed control of the Soviet Union in 1991 and used force to bring Russia's parliament under control.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">He renounced communism and the Soviet Union slowly decentralized and collapsed into a loose Commonwealth of Independent States.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Vladimir Putin **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">was named president in 1999 and he promised to put an end to the corruption and install more effective governments.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Putin swore to his commitment to democracy and free press, but hypocritically sponsored attacks on media networks that were “dissident” in any way.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Yeltsin's influence decreased as the economy continued to decline.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">His health followed the same trend.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Name of Leader: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Joseph Stalin ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Lifespan: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 1878 – 1953 || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Title: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Premier of the Soviet Union / Man of Steel  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Country/region: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> USSR || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Years in Power: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 1922 – 1953  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Successful Russian Revolution led to an authoritarian, communist, one-party rule state fragmented into socialist republics and controlled by the Communist Party.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Lenin's New Economic Policy; combination of state and individual initiatives
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Soviet experimentation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Consolidation of the Red Army
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Anti-Westernization/ Anti-Capitalism ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals: **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Anti-capitalism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Industrialize through state initiative only to keep pace with the West.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Consolidate power ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Collectivization of agriculture beginning in 1928.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Beginning the five-year plans in 1928.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Elimination of the kulaks (early 1930s).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Great purge of political rivals in 1937.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Nazi – Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Yalta and Tehran Conferences during WWII
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Victory at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942) ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Short-Term effects: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Caused the Soviet economy to grow substantially.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Severely reduced the productivity of the agricultural sector. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Long-Term Effects: **

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Thesis Statements **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Industrialized, modernized, and urbanized the USSR.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Established USSR as an industrial and military power (superpower after WWII).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The Iron Curtain / Berlin Wall.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Consolidated power within the state and spread communism. ||
 * 1) <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present. //
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">In 1914, Russian political structure was still an autocratic state. Then, over time, the autocracy was discarded in favor of a communist republic that reaffirmed an authoritarian government; significantly altering the political structure of the country.
 * <span style="background: white; color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">﻿From 1914 to the present, Russia has gone through several large political changes, including the shift from an autocratic state to a communist republic during the extended and finally to a republic; however authoritarian leadership remained constant throughout the period.
 * 1) <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Analyze the changes in Russian society from 1914 to the present. //
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">From 1914 to the present, Russian society has gone from embracing Communism in which poverty was rampant to a society that embraces democracy and capitalistic; creating a large number of new jobs through industrialization and allowing all people the opportunity to be successful.
 * <span style="background: white; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">