The+West


 * media type="custom" key="8999172" align="left"



Rationale: To me, the "West" is defined by the nations which were most influential and which many nations emulated. The Western nations were also imperial powers with colonies that were subjected to "Westernization". Other western countries were at least extremely industrialized. In a way the colonies could also be considered part of the West, but they eventually were liberated and no longer kept the same ideals. Therefore, an accurate depiction of the West would be The U.S, England, Spain, France, Germany, and Russia (the emulator).

__**Notes P. 673 - 678, 690 - 695**__


 * Bouncing Back**?
 * Postwar issues: inflation caused by monetary deflation, property damage, economic dislocation, and decline in enthusiasm for nationalism.
 * Agricultural and coal mining industries declined.
 * **Cubism**, popular music and art, quantum physics, etc.
 * Introduction of mass consumerism
 * Radios and mass advertisement.
 * Women are empowered; flapper girls
 * Political extremism continues - communist leftism and veteran right-wing.


 * Other Industrial Centers**


 * Canda, Australia, and New Zealand = white dominions.
 * Gained their independence in the 1920s for thier military participation (WWI).
 * British had representation in the Dominions, but held no power. (British Commonwealth of Nations)
 * Established a solid export growth and population growth via immigration.

The United States Japan
 * "Roaring Twenties" was a time of prosperity.
 * Economy boom through **vertical** and **horizontal integration** was widespread.
 * **Fordism**, **Taylorism,** and other methodical processes increased productivity for industries.
 * Artistic, cultural, and intellectual development:
 * Harlem Renaissance and Hollywood.
 * Rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
 * Still attempted to maintain an isolationist image with leaders like leaders Republican **reservationist Henry Cabot Lodge.**
 * Distracted by the **Red Scare -** Communism in America.
 * The **zaibatsu** expanded industrialization
 * Military leaders and civilian government conflicted.
 * Universal male suffrage couldn't help that the political structure of Japan remained ambiguous and military leaders were independent of the civilian government.


 * New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism**
 * Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party (1919) that promoted an aggressive, nationalistic foreign policy, one-party rule, and socialist economic principles
 * Fascism mirrored a small intellectual movement that promoted authoritarianism over representation and nationalism over capitalism
 * Mussolini was able to rise to power since the parliament was inept, restiveness came from WWI veterans and discontent workers, and the king was desperate to deter the leftist pressure


 * The New Nations of East Central Europe**


 * Eastern European countries postindependence were consumed by nationalist fervor and discontent over their small domains
 * Athoritarianism arrived via dictators or monarchy since most of these states remained primarily agricultural and refused to implement land reform, tricking peasants into supporting them.


 * Causation**
 * Global chronic overproduction of food and deflated food prices (major hit to agricultural based economies) caused mass rural to urban migration and indebted many farmers
 * Affected Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa and the West
 * Caused a decrease in demands for Western products when American-Japanese competition increased supply
 * Uncontrolled loaning from United States to pay off postwar debts and overspeculation
 * Poor leadership that resulted with inadequate economic policies of loan calling and protectionism


 * The Debacle**
 * Everything collapsed when stock prices plummeted and US banks recalled their European loans
 * Lack of capital led to lower demand which led to unemployment and lower wages ~ repeated
 * Devastated the fragile economies of many developing areas
 * Cultural impacts resulted with disillusionment with the "self-made" men mystique, gender role reversal, escapism
 * Political impacts resulted with discontent with parliamentary government and political polarization


 * Responses to the Depression in Western Europe**
 * Protectionism
 * Political polarization
 * Widespread class conflict and left-right conflict
 * Devastation of the parliamentary governments or rise of authoritarianism
 * Highlighted by the **Popular Front** and its standstill with conservatives
 * Beginnings of the "welfare state".


 * The New Deal**


 * Political paralysis quelled in America by the establishment of a nigh-welfare state; deterred political paralysis as it occurred in Britain and France


 * The Rise of Nazism**


 * The Depression led to fascism within Germany as opposed to the democratization of its neighbors.
 * Similar sentiment origins to Italy in that veterans attacked the parliamentary government and capitalism for its inabilities.
 * Gained appeal amongst the elites by attacking unions and socialist groups.
 * As the leader of the **National Socialist "Nazi" Party**, Hitler gained mass appeal by reiterating fascist arguments and other promises.
 * Traditionalism gained him the support of artisans who desired a preindustrial economy.
 * Anti-socialism and -communism gained him the support of big business.
 * Attack consumerism, feminism, and Zionism.
 * Hitler legally rose to power in 1933.
 * Totalitarian state with a one party-rule.
 * Established a secrete police, the **Gestapo.**
 * Unions were dissolved and replaced with government welfare bodies.
 * Economic planning focused on armament production.
 * Deeply anti-Semitic.
 * Despite his encroachment on other sovereignties and violating the Treaty of Versailles, he received **appeasements** from European powers and the US.


 * The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War**
 * Fascism and authoritarian regimes spread throughout Eastern Europe.
 * Austria combined with Germany in 1938.
 * Italy's policies were galvanized by Germany's policies.
 * Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 using controversial means and conquered it.
 * The Spanish Civil War: The fascist **Falange** party (**Francisco Franco)** versus a republican party minimally supported by democratic European and US forces.
 * Franco prevailed and Spain's government became an authoritarian state.
 * His dictatorship would last for several decades.


 * Economic and Political Change in Latin America**
 * Liberalism didn't fix social problems
 * Liberalism and democracy criticized as a "race to nowhere"
 * A university reform in Córdoba led to more autonomous and empowered student bodies throughout Latin America.
 * Marxists gained control following the Russian Revolution of 1917.

__**Notes on WWII P. 706 - 721**__

__**Questions on Chapter 31, P. 732 - 750**__ //What were the major effects of post WWII decolonization on Europe?// //How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?// //Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?// //What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?// //Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe:// //Outline economic development in Europe// //Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)// Canada
 * In Eastern Europe, Russia grew to be a superpower rivaling the U.S for dominance. They strove for economic development and cultural change.
 * Western European countries also rebuilt and prospered, but had lost alot of their influence without their colonies. In many cases they were able to maintain relations with their former colonies, providing military or political guidance and providing aid. Western Europe took secondary roles in the Cold War. Democratic political forms also gained new vitality.
 * The Cold War divided Europe into The West, (US, France, Canada, Great Britain, West Germany, etc.) united under the **North Atlantic Treaty Organization** (**NATO**) while their opposition was the USSR and it's satellite states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary) that were united by the **Warsaw Pact**. Eastern Germany (under Soviet control) was seperated from the Western side by the **Berlin Wall,** leading to a "fairly tense peace".
 * European governments saw liberal democracies as the most effective method of halting the spread of **communism** and **fascism**. Leftists settled upon those democratic policies and implemented welfare through government initiative, providing the people with benefits.
 * A **welfare state** was a set of government programs that protected the people and gave them medical insurance and unemployment aid, leading to a higher standard of living. The technocrat was the bureaucrat of the 20th century, who was popular because of their specialization in engineering and economics. Consequently, citizens began to depend upon their governments’ more heavily than they had previously. The governments could not figure out how to absorb losses funding the welfare caused.
 * 1947 - NATO and the **Marshall Plan**
 * France and Germany redefined their relationship with an economic based relationship
 * Involved the Low Countries and Italy (primarily West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands)
 * 1958 - Evolved into the **European Economic Community **, the now **European Union (EU) **
 * 2001 - Introduction of the euro
 * 2005 - Consists of many European powers, notably Great Britain
 * 1947 - Marshall Plan
 * Agricultural boom facilitated by technocrats
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Growth of GNP surpassed U.S. growth of GN
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Leisure culture" – employment increased, industrial jobs decreased, and production increased.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Increased immigration of minorities due to labor shortages – “Guest workers" discriminated
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">1958 - **The Common Market**(Then the **EEC**, or, **EU**)
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">"Affluent society" = mass consumerism +leisure culture.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Recession in the 90s.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Larger welfare plans than neighbors.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1970s = Canadian-American economic integration.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1988 = Free-trade agreement that ended it.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Separatist movement in Quebec failed (beginning in 1967)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Constitution written in 1982 gave provinces more influence, opposition subsided

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Australia and New Zealand //Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs// //Trace developments for women in the post war West// //Outline cultural developments in Europe//
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1951 = Mutual defense pact with US.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Supported US in Korean and Vietnam Wars.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Became more isolationist through the 1970s and '80s
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">New Zealand blocked passage of US nuclear-armed vessels through their waters in 1985.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Australia experienced massive Asian emigration, but increased exports as well.
 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs
 * Trace developments for women in the post war West
 * Outline cultural developments in Europe.
 * **﻿**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">The US became increasingly involved in World affairs due to their militarism and their role as a super power. America rose to the challenge of controlling the West in place of an actual European country. While the presence of American troops increased, they began their intrusion into international affairs. The Cold War was evident of their advances and steps toward dominance in military and technological fields. Post-War, America grew steadily through technological advancement and consumerism.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Following WWII, women were generally more accepted in the workforce because of their efforts during the war to fill the shoes of men. Women gain more rights throughout Europe as well as new democracies develop and allow women to take up influential roles.
 * European cultural life proceeded along a predictable track. The U.S. became the new center of attention due to their influence and their effort to rebuild and revitilize Europe. Europeans contributions to thescientific field were admirable - such as the discovery of the DNA, the building block of life andthe key to unlicking many other secrets of genetic science. Europeans also participated in nuclear and space research. Modern styles were more generally accepted creating a sort of popualr culture, or, "**pop culture**". (Invasion of the Crocodocs... I mean Coca-cola)