The+Muslim+Empires

Ottoman ESPIRIT Civilization: Ottoman Empire Time Period: 1450-1750 � Government regulates merchant and artisan activity. � Merchants and artisans would join guilds. � Inflation and tax regulation became problems during the decline. || � The dominant class was the Warriors. � **Army of Janissaries - ** trained as soldiers and could become bureaucrats; essentially slaves in coercive labor system. � Eventually threatened aristocracy. � **Sultans ** manipulated the aristocracy, religious institutions, and administrators, and were the supreme rulers. � Sultans eventually lost touch and replaced with **Viziers.** � Coffee houses become places of congregation and discussion/debate. || � European exploration and creation of defensive armies was �justified� due to fear of Muslim attack. � Government competed with religious leaders and administrators. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Ottoman system of inheritance for power was confusing and many battles ensued. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Corruption within the government led to extended periods of decline. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">They were forced to retreat from Russian, European, and Arab land by the 17th century. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Territories were allowed regional autonomy while the military�s influence shrank. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The **Battle of Lepanto** Sea saw the end of the Ottoman�s powerful fleet, which was defeated by the Spanish and Venetians. || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Spread towards Egypt and North Africa and threatened Vienna. || � **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Hagia Sophia **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> was converted into a mosque. ||  ||   ||  � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Architecture influenced by the rest of Muslim world. � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Turkish begins to become popular; adopted language. ||  ||   ||  � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aqueducts built in Constantinople  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">E || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Economic activities were primarily centered on warfare.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">S || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">All Turkish speaking people were part of the ethnic group.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Ottoman Empire had a focus on warfare and possessed a powerful navy in the Mediterranean.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Ottomans (**Mehmed II**) attacked Byzantine Empire and successfully and overtook **Constantinople** - one of the best defended cities in the world.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Ottoman Empire was considered a threat to the Christian world.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Constantinople re-attained its status as cultural center with the help of Ottoman values.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sultans attempted to improve mosques and infrastructure.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mughal ESPIRIT <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Civilization: Mughal Empire <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Time Period: 1450-1750

� <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Improved status of women. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Humayan was exiled in 1540 by his political enemies, but regained rule in 1556. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Succeeded by 13 year old son **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Akbar ** � **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aurangzeb, **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Shah Jahan's son and successor, attempted to expand the Mughal empire and rid it of the Hindu influences � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Local powers became corrupt.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">E || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Textiles were their major international export. (cotton)  ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">S || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The noblemen were warriors; Military was important.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Encouraged remarriage; discouraged child marriages.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Prohibited **sati**; **purdah** was enforced.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Women gained more prominent positions in politics. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Founded by **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Babur **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Died in 1530
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Succeeded by his son **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Humayan **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Died in 1556
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">One of the greatest Mughal leaders.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Reconciliation with Rajputs and Hindu populace.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Encouraged intermarriage of the Mughal aristocracy and Rajput rulers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Abolished the **jizya.**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Promoted Hindus to the highest ranks in government.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Permitted the construction of Hindu temples.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Ordered Muslims to revere cows like the Hindus.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Warrior aristocracy formed the core of the Mughal government.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Localism like the Ottoman Empire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Army was outfitted with mounted elephants and an artillery corps.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Due to a frivolous lifestyle, subordinates had opportunity to gain power.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nur Jahan **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, Jahangir's wife, consolidated power during his reign.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mumtaz Mahal **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> was given privilege power during Shah Jahan's reign.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The overgrown corrupt bureaucracy, dysfunctional army, and falling standards of living led to a sharp decline.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Peasant revolts were common and intense.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Led by the **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Marattas **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> and **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sikhs **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Expansionism was successful, but tested allegiances.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Treasury was drained; army expended.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Maintained Hindus imperial positions, but limited Muslim posts.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">New temples were banned and religious festivals were banned at the court.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Reinstated the jizya
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Incursions from Persian and Afghan warriors ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Akbar **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> patronized the arts and conversed with Muslim, Christian, and Hindu scholars; as did **Jahangir** and **Shah Jahan**.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Expanded painting workshops.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Constructed the **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Taj Mahal **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> and other architectural achievements. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Din-i-Ilahi � **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A new faith created by Akbar in order to pacify the Hindu and Muslim people and remove factional disputes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Rejected by both
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Hinduism and Islam
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Made Muslims worship (or at least respect) cows as Hindus did.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Rise of a new sect, Sikh, during the decline
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Persecution caused them to become an anti-Muslim force. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Babur's expansionism was greed-driven, rather than a result of religious fervor.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Regulated alcohol consumption.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Akbar expanded the empire south and west due to his reconciliatory policies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Attracted many European visitors such as **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Francois Bernier ** ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || � <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Weaving and dying.
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Madras **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, **muslin**, and **pajamas.** ||

Safavid ESPIRIT Civilization: Safavid Empire Time Period: 1450 - 1750 CE


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">E || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Safavid economy was based on a merchant class delivering resources and materials that were key to development.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Abbas I improved internal infrastructure.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Built rest houses and extensive roads.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Silk, textiles and carpets were produced in workshops.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Isfahan **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- capital while Abbas I ruled. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">S || * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Warrior nobles **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> recieved villages and peasants and were required to supply troops.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Had key posts in the imperial administration which could have threatened the Safavid monarchs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Women dealt with social disadvantages such as subordination to their fathers and husbands, no political or religious power; however, they were active in money-lending and trade ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">P || * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sail al-Din **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> led military campaign to reform Islam/spread Muslim teachings
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Red heads - **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Safavid followers, named for their distinctive head-gear
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tahmasp I **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> took the throne.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Turkic chiefs wanted supreme power.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Ozbergs driven away from Safavid empire.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Shah Abbas I- maintained the empire, keeping it strong and influential.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Turkic chiefs were converted into a warrior nobility
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">To inhibit the consolidation of powers in warrior nobles, Persians were hired to take positions in the imperial bureaucracy’s courts.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Abbas the Great **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> educated and converted children who were captured in Russia- they became the core of the military. (Kidnappers!) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Rebellions and infighting weakened the Safavid empire significantly.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Ottoman and Mughal armies took down the Safavid Empire in this state of decline.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Isma'il **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> led his military to victory, participating in many battles.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Captured the city of Tabriz.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Proclaimed **shah** (emperor).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Conquered Persia and drove the Safavid's enemies, the Ozbegs, to the Asian steppes.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Chaldiran **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (northwest Persia) - a battle fought between the Sunni and Shi'a factions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Ottoman use of heavy artillery proved ineffective.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Ottomans couldn’t overpower, giving the Shi'a an opportunity to gather their remaining troops and take back their cities. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">R || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Took the Shi'a majority of Islam rather than the Sunnis
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Long and violent rivalry.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The bureaucracy paid Persian religious scholars for their services in religious education.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mullahs **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- local mosques for prayers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">All leaders were required to curse the first three caliphs. (Conditioning)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Religious officials directed schools. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Over time the old Turkish language was replaced by Persian; due to it’s connection with the Church and the bureaucracy. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 72pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T || * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Field cannons, muskets, and gunpowder.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Advanced technology for warfare, but generally lacked the skills to use them effectively in battle. ||  ||   ||