Civilizations+in+Decline


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt  ||
 * * Turks nearly succeeded in capturing Vienna, Austria in 1683.
 * Turks slowly lost Hungary and Transylvania from
 * The ** Treaty of Karlowitz ** in 1699 and the ** Treaty of Passarowitz ** in 1718 weakened the Turks in Europe.
 * Lost substantial territory in conflicts with Russia during the reign of ** Peter ** and ** Catherine. **
 * ** Janissaries ** ended up devolving the empire by refusing to adapt new technologies and tactics, halting advances.
 * ** Sultans **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> made progress in politics, economy, and the military in the 1800s.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Secularized despite protests by the Islamic clergy.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">(1839 – 1876CE): The ** Tanzimat ** ** reforms ** encouraged greater religious tolerance for non-Muslims living in the Ottoman Empire.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Napoleanic Wars **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">, coupled with nationalistic ideas, led to uprisings in the Turkish states.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Greek War of Independence **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> in 1821 caused the Greeks to separate from the empire in 1832.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The ** Young Turks ** - A group of pro-Western Ottoman army officers that didn't support the sultans; due to their repeated failures to strengthen the Ottoman Empire.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Young Turks aligned with Germany in hopes of reforming the empire themselves.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From 1911 – 1913CE, the Italians seized the Ottomans last provinces in North Africa.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Ottomans were defeated in the two ** Balkan wars **as well.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">After ** WWI, ** the empire was replaced by the Turkish state: ** Turkey **. || * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Egypt fell out of Ottoman rule and was brought into European influence.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Muhammad **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> ** Ali's ** grandson ** Ismail **, decided to build a canal across the Suez land bridge to link the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The construction of the canal led to European domination.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The canal revolutionized modern shipping.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Thousands of Egyptians died during its construction.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1875 Britain bought all of Egypt's shares; allowing them to interfere in local politics easily.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1881 – Egyptian military revolted against the ** khedive **.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Britain assumed governmental power despite the ** khedive’s **control of the state. ||
 * // __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Decline of the Qing Empire __ //**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">MI – The Qing Dynasty collapsed due to internal struggle, weak leadership, and the British introduction of opium to the Chinese market. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">MI – Limited reforms were not enough to halt the decline of the Qing Dynasty, which failed due to rebellion and was replaced by the Republic of China. ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Qianlong **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> – last effective ruler of the Qing Dynasty. ( 1736-1795CE)
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Weak leadership afterward led to swift decline.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Maintaining the northern and western borders of China was becoming increasingly expensive.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Rapid population increases weakened the fragile economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The White Lotus Rebellion **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1796-1804CE) was a direct result of the people’s frustration over the worsening economy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">China only allowed Europeans to trade on a small number of ports and only accepted small amounts of European goods.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">China was too powerful to conquer – tea was their most significant commodity.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">China’s superiority complex kept them from trading excessively with Europeans.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Middle Kingdom was the center of the universe away from all of the barbarians.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The British used opium to get incorporated into the Chinese markets.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">British began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Opium became very popular in China and the British maintained control of 80% of the opium.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">This illegal trade outraged the Chinese government.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The economy declined as productivity slowed.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Opium War: ( **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1839 – 1842CE) – The Qing government tried to stop the spread of opium by arresting dealers.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fearing the profits from their Chinese opium trade would be lessened – or even lost – the British government used it as an excuse to start a war.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">In the first battle the British won easily and established the ** Treaty of Nanking **, in which the Chinese had to open 5 more ports to foreign trade, lower tariffs on British goods, and grant rights to areas in China where British traders lived.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">British law ruled those areas.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">China surrendered Hong Kong to Britain.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The treaties that followed legalized opium and the opium trade; opened more ports to foreign trade.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Powers were granted to the Portuguese, French, British, Americans, and Russians who set up economic concessions in Chinese territory.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Japan, Germany, and Italy gained smaller economic concessions.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Taiping Rebellion: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1850 – 1864CE) – The most devastating civil war in world history.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Claimed 20 to 30 million Chinese lives.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Second deadliest war next to ** WWII **.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Xiuquan **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> started the uprising in order to become a government official despite having failed the civil service exam.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">He convinced himself that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and was sent from heaven to create supreme peace in the Kingdom. (???)
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Organized an army of followers who shared his resentment of the high Qing taxes and oppressive rule.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Xiuquan ruled one third of China at the peak of his rule.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">By the 1860s the rebellion was beginning to lose momentum and retreat.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Xiuquan committed suicide in 1864.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Rebellion left China in ruins and the Qing government was thrown into chaos.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> The **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">self strengthening movement, **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> a reform movement in the 1860s, attempted but failed to have lasting positive effects on the disorganized empire.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cixi **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> ruled China from 1878 – 1908CE.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> She was a strong leader who opposed modernization and all reforms.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Qing government became more oppressive due to her policies.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cixi died in 1908 CE.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Open Door Policy: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1898 CE) – allowed all nations to have equal access to Chinese markets.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Boxer Rebellion: ( **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1898 CE**) –** Chinese anger towards foreign influence and control caused the rebellion of the "boxers" (martial arts experts).
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">They attacked foreign residences and besieged foreign legations.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The rebellion was quelled by foreign troops, who forced the Qing government to pay a hefty fine.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sun Yat-sen: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">(1866 – 1925CE) – He united many opposing groups into the ** Revolutionary Alliance ** and promoted nationalism/democracy.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The Chinese** Nationalist Party ** was founded in 1912.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; 0in line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sun's successor was defeated and a communist government took power in 1949.